Arnell, N. and Charlton, M./University of Southampton | | Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change on Water Supply Reliability | This paper examines potential barriers for water companies in adapting to decreases in water supply reliability. Page 1 generally discusses climate change impacts in Southern England, including changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Regional and Local Information | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies | | Water Utility Initiatives to Combat Climate Change | This website provides a number of case studies on adaptation to climate change impacts. Each case study provides a brief analysis of climate change impacts in the region, such as changes in rain and snowfall, followed by a summary of various adaptation measures and activities. | Adaptation, Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Regional and Local Information | Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Washington | Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, West and Southwest | United States |
Barker, P.A./Lancaster University, Wilby, R.L./Environment Agency, King's College London and Borrows, J./Lancaster University | | A 200-year Precipitation Index for the Central English Lake District | This paper uses monthly rainfall data to construct a 200 year precipitation index. This index is used to measure trends in precipitation throughout the Central English Lake District. Pages 778-779 address changes in precipitation throughout the regions, including seasonal changes resulting from warmer temperatures. Pages 783-784 further summarize changes in seasonal precipitation. | Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Bates, B.C., Kundzewicz, S.W., Palutikof, J.P./Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | | IPCC Technical Paper IV: Climate Change and Water | This report highlights climate change impacts on water resources, providing regional projections for all continents, including North America and the United States. Pages 15-20 and pages 24-28 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | International, United States |
Binder, W./Climate Impacts Groups - University of Washington | | Watershed Planning, Climate Variability, and Climate Change: Bringing a Global Scale Issue to the Local Level - Masters Thesis | This thesis reports on a survey of watershed managers. Section 4 summarizes climate change and associated impacts on water resources in Washington State. Section 6 defines indicators to determine if a watershed is vulnerable to climate change. Pages 24-26 specifically address changes in rain and snowfall. | Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance, and Tools, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Washington | Northwest | United States |
Blenkinsop, S. and Fowler, H.J./Newcastle University | | Changes in Drought Frequency, Severity and Duration for the British Isles Projected by the PRUDENCE Regional Climate Models | This article compares six different climate change projections to past data on temperature and rainfall. The article then provides future projections of these two factors for Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the south of England. Page 54-57 provides past data on precipitation. | Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
California Department of Water Resources | | Video: A Climate of Change | A 22 minute video explaining climate change background information, effects on water resources, and adaptation strategies. | Adaptation, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | California | West and Southwest | United States |
California Department of Water Resources | | Managing an Uncertain Future: Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for California's Waters | This report provides information on climate science and projections for climate change impacts in California. This report provides a list of 10 adaptation strategies for water resource managers. Pages 4-5 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance and Tools, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | California | West and Southwest | United States |
Chung, F., Anderson, J., Arora, S., Ejeta, M., Galef, J., Kadir, T., Kao, K., Olson, A., Quan, C., Reyes, E., Roos, M., Seneviratne, S., Wang, J., Yin, H., Blomquist, N./California Climate Change Research Center | | Using Future Climate Projections to Support Water Resources Decision Making in California | This report on water resources decision making in California provides information on climate models and forecasted impacts. Section 4 provides information on climate impacts, such as sea level rise, changes in stream flow, and climatic variability. Section 5 presents an impact analysis for two river basins in California. Pages 8-17 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance, and Tools, Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | California | West and Southwest | United States |
City of Chicago | | Climate Change and Changes in Precipitation | This fact-sheet highlights information on how precipitation will change in Chicago. However, the fact-sheet does not focus on impacts relevant to water resource managers beyond mentioning changes in water quality and flooding. Page 2 highlights changes in rain and snowfall. | Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Illinois | Midwest | United States |
Companionships for Sustainable Water Care | | Anglian Water: Expert Opinion Panel on Growth and Climate Change | This paper, written to advocate sustainable water management by Anglican Water, provides information on climate change impacts and proposed adaptation techniques. Page 7 presents basic information on climate change, including changes in rainfall and snowfall. | Adaptation, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Conway, D./University of East Anglia | | Recent Climate Variability and Future Climate Change Scenarios for Great Britain | This article uses past climate extremes and climate change models to project both spatial patterns and the magnitude of future climatic events throughout Great Britain. Pages 352-355 address recent changes in climate, including changes in rain and snowfall. It also briefly highlights impacts to water resources on page 354. Pages 363-364 address projections of future rain and snowfall. | Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Cooper, D. M., Wilkinson, W. B., and Arnell, N. W./Institute of Hydrology | | The Effects of Climate Changes on Aquifer Storage and River Base Flow | This report, which examines the potential impacts of climate change on river flows and aquifer recharge rates, highlights a number of impacts to water resources. The paper specifically addresses the Limestone, Triassic sandstone, and Chalk aquifers in the UK. Pages 624-629 describe reductions in base flow and aquifer storage rates resulting from climate change and changes in rain and snowfall. | Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
D'Antonio, J.R./New Mexico Office of the State Engineer and Interstate Stream Commission | | The Impact of Climate Change on New Mexico's Water Supply and Ability to Manage Water Resources | Chapter II of this report provides information on how climate change will affect water supply and water quality in New Mexico and the Southwest. Chapter IV provides adaptation measures for sustainable use of current water supply. This article is a top down report focusing on climate change, associated impacts, and what those impacts mean for water resource managers. Page 6 addresses changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | New Mexico | West and Southwest | United States |
Department of Ecology - State of Washington | | Focus on Impacts of Climate Change in Washington State | This fact-sheet highlights the impacts of climate change on Washington state and provides a brief summary of those impacts on water resources. Page 1 provides information on changes in rain and snowfall. | Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Washington | Northwest | United States |
Dracup, J.A., Vicuna, S., Leonardson, R., Dale, L., Hanneman, M./California Climate Change Center | | Climate Change and Water Supply Reliability | This resource contains a literature review on climate change impacts in California. This resource also focuses on modeling water supply reliability. Page 35 provides conclusions on water supply reliability in California based on model calculations. Page 8 addresses changes in rain and snowfall. | Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | California | West and Southwest | United States |
Ekstrom, M./University of East Anglia, Jones, P.D./University of East Anglia, Fowler, H.J./University of New Castle, Lenderik, G./Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, Buishand, T.A./Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute and Conway, D./University of East Anglia | | Regional Climate Model Data Used Within the SWURVE Project 1: Projected Changes in Seasonal Patterns and Estimation of PET | This paper relies on climate data and regional climate models to project future changes in temperature, rainfall, and evapotranspiration. The article provides simulations for Europe. Page 1075 addresses changes in rain and snowfall throughout the British Isles. | Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Elsner, M.M., Cuo, L., Voisin, N., Deems, J., Hamlet, A.F., Vano, J.A., Mickelson, K.E.B., Lee, S.Y., Lettenmaier, D.P./Climate Impacts Groups - University of Washington | | Impacts of 21st Century Climate Change for the Hydrology of Washington State | This report downscales regional global climate change models to forecast changes to the hydrological cycle. Section 4.1.1. presents projections on changes for snow/rain precipitation composition that impact the timing of runoff. Section 4.1.3. presents projections for changes in annual runoff and stream flow, and the corresponding implications for water resource managers. | Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Washington | Northwest | United States |
Environment Agency | | Climate Change and River Flows in the 2050s | This "science summary" report highlights how projections in climate change could impact river flows in the UK. This three page brief details the extent of a decline in river flows in England and Wales, including a detailed description of methodology. | Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
European Environment Agency | | Climate Change and Water Adaptation Issues | This paper, which assesses impacts to climate change on water resources throughout Europe, provides information relevant to water companies, including impacts, adaptation techniques, and case studies. Page 11 provides a table with observed and projected changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Regional and Local Information | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Fowler, H.J. | | Impacts of Climate Change on the North West England Water Resource System | This paper relies on climate change models to evaluate impacts on water resources in the northwest UK. The paper focuses on eight specific study catchments: Thirlmere, Haweswater, Stocks, Longdendale, Rivington, Lake Vyrnwy, and the rivers Lune and Lower Dee. The heading, "Assessing Future Changes in Flows," addresses changes in rain and snowfall and corresponding changes in river flow. | Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Fowler, H.J., and Kilsby, C.G./University of Newcastle | | Using Regional Climate Model Data to Simulate Historical and Future River Flows in Northwest England | This paper uses data on daily rainfall and temperature to project future changes in runoff in eight water catchments in NW England: Thirlmere, Haweswater, Stocks, Longdendale, Rivington, Lake Vyrnwy, and the rivers Lune and Lower Dee. The introduction provides a summary of observed changes in rain and snowfall. Pages 346-352 provide projections for changes in rainfall. Pages 355-361 present projected changes in the magnitude and variance of annual runoff and stream flow. | Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Fowler, H.J., Kilsby, C.G./Newcastle University, and Stunell, J./Environment Agency | | Modeling the Impacts of Projected Future Climate Change on Water Resources in North-West England | This paper uses climate change models to predict the impacts of climate change on the Integrated Resource Zone in the UK. Page 1121 provides results of this modeling, including an analysis of the times water supply was not able to meet demand. Page 1121 also discusses changes in runoff. | Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Garbrecht, J.D., Piechota, T.C./Environmental and Water Resources Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers | | Climate Variations, Climate Change, and Water Resources Engineering | This book provides background information on climate change, impacts to water resources, and adaptation options. It also provides a number of case studies that address management decisions in the face of climate change. Pages 19-25 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance, and Tools, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Colorado, Florida, Texas | Southeast, Southwest, West | United States |
Gleick, P.H./U.S. Global Change Research Program | | Water: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the Water Resources of the United States | This detailed and lengthy report has several relevant sections to water managers, including: Future Water Use in the United States (p. 24), a detailed discussion on how climate change will impact hydrological parameters (pp. 26-52), and impacts on water quality (pp. 52-68). The "Coping and Adaptation" (pp.111-120) section provides advice to plan for climate change. Pages 37-40 and pages 72-74 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance, and Tools, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United States |
Hamlet, A.F./Climate Impacts Groups - University of Washington | | Effects of Climate Change on Water Resources in the Pacific Northwest: Impacts and Policy Implications | This white paper addresses the effect of climate change on the Columbia River and Seattle Water Supply system. This source provides detailed information on climate change impacts, including policy implications. Pages 4-5 specifically address changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance, and Tools, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Oregon, Washington | Northwest | United States |
Hanak, E., Lund, J./Public Policy Institute of California | | Adapting California's Water Management to Climate Change | This report provides information on management and adaptation options to climate change. Chapter 1 details climate change related impacts in California. Chapter 3 provides management options for California water utilities to adapt to changes in water supply, water quality, and flood management. Chapter 4 highlights reservoir management policy in the context of climate change. Pages 4-5 specifically focus on changes in rain and snowfall resulting from climate change. | Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance, and Tools, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | California | West and Southwest | United States |
Harrison, J., Winterbottom, S., Johnson, R./Scottish Executive Central Research Unit | | Climate Change and Changing Patterns of Snowfall in Scotland | The objective of this report was to examine how snowfall patterns could change in Scotland under different emissions scenarios and the corresponding impacts of climate change. Pages 3-4 address climate change and associated changes in snowfall patterns. | Adaptation, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Holman, I.P./Cranfield University, Nicholls, R.J./University of Southampton, Berry, P.M./University of Oxford, Harrison, P.A./Silsoe Research Institute, Audsley, E./Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Shackley, S./Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research and
Rounsevell, M.D.A./Université catholique de Louvain | | A Regional, Multi-Sectoral, and Integrated Assessment of the Impacts of Climate and Socio-Economic Change in the UK: Part II. Results. | This paper uses climate change models to make projections for the East Anglia and Northwest regions of England. Section 3.1.3 (page 11) discusses climate change impacts on water resources, including changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Huntington, T.G./United States Geological Survey | | Climate Warming Could Reduce Runoff Significantly in New England, USA | This technical article reports on projected decreases in runoff in New England. The author examines changes in mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, evapotranspiration, and snowpack accumulation to determine potential changes in stream runoff throughout New England watersheds. This article also provides several sources of reference data for running water balance models. (Abstract only) | Downscaled Models, Reference Data, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Northeast | United States |
Jacobs, K., Adams, D.B., Gleick, P./U. S. Global Change Research Program | | National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the Water Resources of the US | This resource provides detailed background information on how climate change will affect water resources in the United States. This resource addresses water supply stress, groundwater supply, impacts to aquatic and riparian ecosystems, and adaptation strategies. Pages 412-417 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United States |
Johnson, A.C., Acreman, M.C., Dunbar, M.J./Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, et al. | | The British River of the Future: How Climate Change and Human Activity Might Affect Two Contrasting River Ecosystems in England. | This article examined the potential effects of climate change on water quality in the Thames and Yorkshire Ouse rivers. The authors use the CLASSIC hydrological model to predict lower base flows in both rivers during all seasons except winter. (Abstract only) | Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Kapnick, S., Hall, A./California Climate Change Center | | Observed Changes in the Sierra Nevada Snow Pack: Potential Causes and Concerns | This article addresses historical records of runoff to illustrate how the timing of peak snow pack has become earlier over the century. The authors forecast changes in peak snow pack occurring 6-22 days earlier than present. This article is a good reference for advising resource managers relying on snow pack. | Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | California | West and Southwest | United States |
Karl, T.R., Meehl, G.A., Miller, C.D., Hassol, S.J., Waple, A.M., Murray, W.L./U.S.Climate Change Science Program | | SAP 33: Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate | This report provides information on climate extremes and weather changes resulting from climate change. It also provides information on temperature extremes and precipitation extremes. Page 102 provides projections for changes in snowpack accumulation. | Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance, and Tools | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United States |
Kerr, A. and McLeod, A./Scottish Executive Central Research Unit | | Potential Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change in Scotland | This report was written to explore opportunities to adapt Scotland to future climate change. Page 46 addresses changes in rainfall. | Adaptation, Infrastructure Implications, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Kerr, A./University of Edinburgh, Shackley, S./UMIST, Milne, R./Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, and Allen, S./University of Edinburgh | | Climate Change: Scottish Implications Scoping Study | This report, intended as a scoping study to inform policy makers, provides a number of details regarding climate change and Scotland. Chapter 2 (page 10) addresses future climate projections in Scotland and presents a brief summary of findings. Page 14 addresses changes in rain and snowfall. Page 21 addresses specific impacts to water resources. | Adaptation, Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance, and Tools, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Kiparsky, M., Gleick, P.H./Pacific Institute | | Climate Change and California Water Resources: A Survey and Summary of Literature | This literature review provides information on climate change impacts on water resources in California, along with coping and adaptation policies to mitigate these impacts. The article details specific policy adaptations such as water planning and management, new supply options, and demand management. Pages 5-9 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance, and Tools, Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | California | West and Southwest | United States |
Knowles, N., Cayan, D./Scripps Institution of Oceanography and United States Geological Survey | | Potential Effects of Global Warming on the Sacramento/San Joaquin Watershed and the San Francisco Estuary | Technical article focusing on changes in runoff in California (Abstract only). | Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | California | West and Southwest | United States |
Knowles, N., Dettinger, M.D./United States Geological Survey | | Trends in Snowfall vs. Rainfall in the Western United States | This study documents a trend toward greater rainfall on existing snow pack, thus shifting peak runoff to earlier in the melt season. This analysis examines historical trends but does not address future projections. This study finds that trends toward decreasing (earlier melting) snow pack were greatest in the Sierra Nevada and Pacific Northwest regions. This is a highly technical resource. | Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | West and Southwest | United States |
Lettenmaier, D., Major, D., Poff, L., Running, S./U.S. Climate Change Science Program | | The Effect of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, Water Resources and Biodiversity in the United States | This report focuses broadly on climate change impacts. Section 4 documents nationwide trends in stream flow, evaporation, and drought. It also provides regional assessments of potential changes in water resources and variables that should be monitored by water utility managers. Pages 121-134 addresses changes in rain and snowfall. | Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United States |
Limbrick, K.J./University of Reading, Whitehead, P.G./University of Reading, Butterfield, D./University of Reading and Reynard, N./Institute of Hydrology | | Assessing the Potential Impacts of Various Climate Change Scenarios on the Hydrological Regime of the River Kennet at Theale, Berkshire, south-central England, UK: An Application and Evaluation of the New Semi-Distributed Model, INCA | This paper evaluates the impact of climate change on river flow. The paper is specific to the River Kennet catchment at Theale, south-central England, UK. Section 6 provides an analysis of changes in river flow. Section 6.1 presents changes in runoff compared to 1985. Section 6.2 presents changes in runoff compared to 1992 data. | Downscaled Models, Reference Data, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Lopez, A., Fung, F., New, M., Watts, G., Weston, A. and Wilby, R.L./Oxford University | | From Climate Model Ensembles to Climate Change Impacts: A Case Study of Water Resource Management in the South West of England | This article describes a methodology for performing a top-down examination of climate change impacts using large ensembles of climate change data. The model simulates river flows and provides a case study of a water resource system in the South West of England. (Abstract only) | Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Downscaled Models | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Ludwig, F., Kabat, P., van Schaik, H., van der Valk, M. | | Climate Change Adaptation in the Water Sector | Chapter numbers 5, 6, and 7 of this book detail adaptation and changes in water resource management in the context of climate change. The second half of this book provides global case studies in water management and adaptation to climate change. Pages 35-39 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | International |
Malby, A.R., Whyatt, J.D., Timmis, R.J./Lancaster University, Wilby, R.L. and Orr, H.G./Lancaster University, Environment Agency | | Long-term Variations in Orographic Rainfall: Analysis and Implications for Upland Catchments | This articles examines changes in observed rainfall from 1970 through 1990 across northwest England. Page 281 describes observed changes in the seasonality of rainfall. Page 283 describes annual and seasonal trends in rainfall. | Reference Data, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Manning, L.J., Hall, J.W., Fowler, H.J., Kilsby, C.G./Newcastle University, and Tebaldi, C./Climate Central | | Using Probabilistic Climate Change Information From a Multimodal Ensemble for Water Resources Assessment | This paper applies climate models, along with a stochastic weather generator, to drive a rainfall-runoff model for the Thames catchment. Page 6 provides projections of river flow in 2080. Page 8 provides projections for changes in seasonal precipitation. | Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Maraun, D., Osborn, T.J. and Gillett, N.P./University of East Anglia | | United Kingdom Daily Precipitation Intensity: Improved Early Data, Error Estimates and an Update from 2000 to 2006 | This paper analyzes the contribution of heavy precipitation events to total precipitation in the United Kingdom. Page 7 compares the number of extreme rain events to total precipitation from 1900-2006 throughout the UK. Page 19 graphically depicts changes in seasonal precipitation throughout the UK. | Reference Data, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
McCabe, G.J./United States Geological Survey, Clark, M.P./University of Colorado, Boulder | | Trends and Variability in Snow Melt Runoff in the Western United States | This article focuses on snow melt runoff trends showing snowpack melting earlier than historical records would indicate in 80 western rivers. | Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | West and Southwest | United States |
McCarthy, D. | | Climate Change and the UK Water Industry: Stepping Up to the Challenge | This report provides an analysis of climate change impacts in the United Kingdom and how they may affect water companies. Page 5 addresses changes in rain and snowfall, along with the associated impacts on water resources. | Adaptation, Communication and Outreach Materials, Infrastructure Implications, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Medellin, J., Harou, J., Olivares, M., Lund, J., Howitt, R., Tanaka, S., Jenkins, M., Zhu, T./California Climate Change Research Center | | Climate Warming and Water Supply Management in California | This report forecasts urban and agricultural water demand in California through 2050. Section 3.1 projects water scarcity. Section 3.4.1.discusses changes in groundwater use, section 3.4.2. highlights changes in reservoir capacity, and section 5 addresses the economic impacts of water scarcity in California. Pages 2-3 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | California | West and Southwest | United States |
Medellín-Azuara, J., Connell, C., Madani, K., Lund, J., Howitt, R./California Climate Change Center | | Water Management Adaptation with Climate Change - Final Report | This report on water management in California forecasts urban water demand in 2050. It also provides information on changes in stream flow and the hydrological cycle based on warming scenarios and calculates water scarcity and willingness-to-pay for urban water supply. The authors conclude that water supply is more vulnerable to changes in precipitation than increases in temperature. Pages 11-12 provide information on changes in precipitation. | Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | California | West and Southwest | United States |
Miller, K., Yates, D./Water Research Foundation | | Climate Change and Water Resources: A Primer for Municipal Water Providers #2973 | This 2006 primer summarizes the best available scientific evidence on climate change, including implications for the water cycle and associated impacts on water quality and supply. Also provides guidance on planning and adaptation. Pages 37-40 and page 44 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United States |
Moreau, D.H./Water Resources Research Institute - University of North Carolina | | What are the Experts Saying About Effects of Climate Change on Rainfall and Stream Flow in the Southeast? | This article presents a brief review of climate change research relevant to the Southeastern US. The article contains a summary of predicted trends in climate change and associated impacts. The article concludes that the level of uncertainty in these projections is too high to clearly forecast climate related changes in the hydrological cycle. | Downscaled Models, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | None | Southeast | United States |
Moser, S., Franco, G., Pittiglio, W.C., Cayan, D./California Climate Change Center | | The Future is Now: An Update on Climate Change Science Impacts and Response Options for California | This report provides a summary of climate science and impacts in California. It outlines response options to these impacts for resource managers in California. Page 44 provides projection for changes in precipitation and snowfall. | Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | California | West and Southwest | United States |
Murphy, J. M., Sexton, D. M. H., et al./The UK Climate Projections | | UK Climate Projections Science Report: Climate Change Projections | This report provides climate change projections for the UK. Section 4.3 provides maps of seasonal climate change projections for the UK. This section addresses changes in annual, mean, and seasonal precipitation. | Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
National Wildlife Federation | | Climate Change and Great Lakes Water Resources | This report provides information on climate impacts for the Great Lakes region and how they will affect lake levels, snow pack and ground water. This report also provides an overview of current water laws in the area. Pages 5-6 and 14 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Midwest | United States |
Nelson, B., Schmitt, M., Cohen, R., Ketabi, N./Natural Resources Defense Council | | In Hot Water: Water Management Strategies to Weather the Effects of Global Warming | Chapter 2 of this report highlights broad climate impacts on water resources for water managers in the Western United States. Chapter 4 provides a guide to aid water resource managers in developing response measures to climate change based on "best practices." This report presents information from a bottom up, utility-focused perspective beginning with a vulnerability analysis for water resource managers before addressing climate change impacts. Pages 5-7 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance and Tools, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | West and Southwest | United States |
New York City Department of Environmental Protection | | Climate Change Program Assessment and Action Plan | The New York City Department of Environmental Protection has produced a detailed report of climate change impacts in New York City. Chapter 2 of the report provides a review of climate change projections and what they mean for water quality and quantity. Chapter 3 provides detailed adaptation strategies. Pages 34-36 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance and Tools, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | New York | Northeast | United States |
New, M./Oxford University, Dessai, S./University of East Anglia Norwich, Lopez, A./Oxford University and Wilby, R.L./Environment Agency | | Challenges in Using Probabilistic Climate Change Information for Impacts and Adaptation Decision-making: an Example from the Water Sector | This paper examines probalistic climate information that can be used to develop an uncertainty analysis in impacts modelling and assessment. This information is then applied to water resources in the Thames River. Section 3(a) shows changes in modeled precipitation . Section 3(b) highlights changes in simulated flow in the Thames River. | Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Pacific Institute | | Climate Change and the Global Water Crisis: What Businesses Need to Know and Do | This report discusses how climate change will impact water quality and supply while providing tips on how businesses can manage water risks strategically. It provides broad overviews of climate change impacts. Page 2 provides information on changes in rain and snowfall. | Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | Not Applicable |
Prudhomme, C., Jakob, D., and Svensson, C./Centre for Ecology and Hydrology | | Uncertainty and Climate Change Impact on the Flood Regime of Small UK Catchments | This study provides a methodology for assessing uncertainty of future climate impacts and then applies this methodology to five catchments in Great Britain. This analysis shows an increase in the magnitude and frequency of flood events. (Abstract only) | Flood Risk Management, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Purdue Climate Change Center | | Impacts of Climate Change for the State of Indiana | This report on climate change in Indiana provides a summary of climate change impacts to water resources, specifically addressing changes in precipitation, winter processes, evapotranspiration, and total runoff. Pages 3-6 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Indiana | Midwest | United States |
Rosenzweig, C., Major, D.C., Demong, K., Stanton, C., Horton, R., Stults, M./NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies | | Managing Climate Change Risks in NYC's Water System: Assessment and Adaptation Planning | Section 4 of this report provides information on climate change associated impacts on water resources in New York City. Section 5 discusses how to assess water system vulnerability and provides a framework. Section 6 discusses mitigation activities. Pages 1394-1398 provide information on changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance, and Tools, Downscaled Models, Mitigation, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | New York | Northeast | United States |
Stewart, I.T., Cayan, D.R., Dettinger, M.D. | | Changes Toward Earlier Streamflow Timing Across Western North America | This article examines snowmelt in western North America from 1948-2002 for over 300 stream systems and found that more than 2/3 of these systems are experiencing earlier spring snow melt. This early melting will impact water resource managers by increasing spring time flooding and exacerbating summer drought conditions. | Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | West and Southwest | United States |
Subak, S./University of East Anglia | | Climate Change Adaptation in the UK Water Industry: Managers' Perceptions of Past Variability and Future Scenarios | This article reports on 10 interviews with water company managers about observed climate change impacts and innovative ways to adapt planning to future climate change. (Abstract only) | Adaptation, Communication and Outreach Materials | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
The Royal Academy of Engineering | | Infrastructure, Engineering and Climate Change Adaptation - Ensuring Services In an Uncertain Future | This report, written from the perspective of the engineering community, assesses the vulnerability of infrastructure throughout the UK. Page 21 discusses specific climate change impacts, including changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
The U.S. Climate Change Science Program | | National Level Climate Impacts - Water Resources - First Draft | This report provides summary information on regional climate impacts. This report presents information by focusing on climate events, the regions vulnerable to these events, and impacts associated with these events. Page 87 addresses changes in rain and snowfall. | Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United States |
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | | Potential Water Resource Impacts in North America | This website provides regional summaries of climate change impacts on water resources associated with each region in the United States. Information is presented in a top down orientation with brief background materials. | Regional and Local Information | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United States |
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Global Change Research Program | | Climate Impacts on Water Resources | This report provides background information on climate change related impacts on water utilities. Section C of each climate impact topic section describes associated problems that the impact will have on water utilities. Pages 10-12 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United States |
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Water | | National Water Program Strategy: Response to Climate Change | Detailed report examining four key climate change impacts on water resources. This article is a good source of background information that provides top down information on climate change and adaptation. Relevant sections are pages 5-21, appendix 1. Pages 9-11 specifically address changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United States |
U.S. Global Change Research Program | | Regional Climate Change Impacts | Interactive website that highlights key regional climate change impacts in simple language. Allows users to select their region and get a brief summary of likely climate change impacts, such as changes in rain and snowfall. | Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United States |
U.S. Global Change Research Program | | Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States: Water Resources | This resource provides maps with information on climate change impacts on water resources. This resource graphically represents changes in snow pack, drought trends, increases in the number of days with heavy precipitation, projected changes in annual runoff, and areas of potential water supply conflict by 2025. Pages 41-47 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United States |
Udall, B./Western Water Assessment, Bates, G./National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration | | Climatic and Hydrologic Trends in the Western US: A Review of Recent Peer-Reviewed Literature | This article provides a summary on the expected impacts of climate change on water resources in the Western United States through a review of six articles addressing this topic. Page 2-3 and pages 4-7 specifically address changes in rain and snowfall. | Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | West and Southwest | United States |
United States Geological Survey | | Trends in Stream Flow, River Ice, and Snow Pack for Coastal River Basins in Maine During the 20th Century | This fact-sheet explains how peak stream flow and snow melt is trending towards earlier in the year throughout Maine. | Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Maine | Northeast | United States |
Vano, J.A., Scott, M., Voisin, N., Stöckle, C., Hamlet, A.F., Mickelson, K.E.B., Elsner, M.M., Lettenmaier, D.P./Climate Impacts Groups - University of Washington | | Climate Change Impacts on Water Management and Irrigated Agriculture in the Yakima River Basin, Washington | This paper presents a series of models that project changes in reservoir levels and changes in snow pack. Section 4 provides water supply projections relevant to resource managers within the Yakima River Basin. | Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Washington | Northwest | United States |
Vano, J.A., Voisin, N., Cuo, L., Hamlet, A.F., McGuire Elsner, M., Palmer, R.B., Polebistski, A., Lettenmaier, D.P./Climate Impacts Groups - University of Washington | | Climate Change Impacts on Water Management in the Puget Sound Region | This report conducts stream flow simulations to assess water supplies for Everett and Tacoma, WA. Pages 116-117 address changes in snowpack accumulation. | Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Washington | Northwest | United States |
VanRheenen, N.T., Palmer, R.N./Climate Impacts Groups - University of Washington, Hahn, M.A./RW Beck | | Evaluating Potential Climate Change Impacts on Water Resource System Operations: Case studies in Portland, OR and Central Valley, CA | This article presents case studies on climate change impacts and annual storage for the Bull Run watershed and Sacramento San-Juan watershed. Pages 41-46 address changes in rain and snowfall. | Downscaled Models, Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | California, Oregon | Northwest, West and Southwest | United States |
Vidal, J.P. and Wade, S./HR Wallingford | | A Multimodel Assessment of Future Climatological Droughts in the United Kingdom | This paper forecasts future rainfall and drought conditions throughout the UK. Six GCM models, calculated using two emissions scenarios, are used to provide drought projections across 183 hydrologic areas. Results show an increase in the frequency of short-term extreme drought conditions. However, the model forecasts a decrease in long-term drought conditions in Scotland. (Abstract only) | Downscaled Models, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Vidal, J.P. and Wade, S./HR Wallingford | | A Framework for Developing High-Resolution Multi-Model Climate Projections: 21st Century Scenarios for the UK | This paper provides a framework for building climate projections from an ensemble of GCMs at a small enough scale to inform impact analysis. This framework is then applied to the UK. Section 5.1 provides forecasts for changes in precipitation. | Downscaled Models, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Warwickshire County Council | | Climate Change Adaptation | This report addresses climate change impacts and adaptation in Warwickshire County, UK. Page 21 addresses changes in rain and snowfall. | Adaptation, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Werritty, A./University of Dundee | | Living with Uncertainty: Climate Change, River Flows, and Water Resource Management in Scotland | This paper, written to assist water resource managers, analyzes trends in precipitation and runoff from past models, along with presenting the results of downscaled models. The results are quantified and recommendations are presented for water resource managers throughout Scotland. (Abstract only) | Adaptation, Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Whitehead, P.G./University of Reading, Wilby, R.L./Longborough University, Battarbee, R./University College London, Kernan, M/University College London. and Wade, A/university of Reading. | | A Review of the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Surface Water Quality | This paper reviews climate change impacts with a specific focus on surface water quality. Pages 102-105 discuss changes in precipitation and corresponding impacts to water quality and supply. | Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Wilby, R. L./Environment Agency | | When and Where Might Climate Change be Detectable in UK River Flows? | This paper utilizes the Mann-Kendall statistics to investigate trends in UK rainfall from 1860-present. The article then examines how expected changes in river flows impact typical water resource planning time horizons. (Abstract only) | Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Wilby, R.L./Lancaster University and Environment Agency, Beven, K.J./Lancaster University, Uppsala University, and Reynard, N.S./Centre for Ecology and Hydrology | | Climate Change and Fluvial Flood Risk in the UK: More of the Same? | This paper compares published papers on historical rainfall and river flow trends to climate change projections and reconciles differences between the two. The authors then make recommendations for future research and resource allocation. (Abstract only) | Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Wilby, R.L./Longborough University and Dessai, S./University of Exeter, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change | | Robust Adaptation to Climate Change | This paper compares two approaches to climate risk assessment in adaptation planning. Page 183 briefly discusses expected impacts to water resources due to changes in rainfall and river flow. | Adaptation, Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
Wiley, M.W./Climate Impacts Groups - University of Washington | | Analysis Techniques to Incorporate Climate Change Information in Seattle's Long Range Water Supply Planning - Master's Thesis | This thesis uses global climate change models to predict climate change impacts in Seattle, WA. Information on projected changes is used to inform long-term water supply planning by water resource managers. | Downscaled Models, Regional and Local Information, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Washington | Northwest | United States |
World Wildlife Foundation | | Thames Basin Vulnerability Report: Technical Summary | This report was written to assess the vulnerability of the Thames river to climate change. Page 5 provides predictions for changes in climate, including changes in precipitation. Pages 14-15 address climate change impacts on water quality and supply in the River Kennet. Pages 16-17 address climate change impacts on the River Lee. | Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | Not Applicable | Not Applicable | United Kingdom |
European Environment Agency
| | Safe Water and Healthy Water Services in a Changing Environment |
This report provides information on climate change impacts on water services and addresses the effectiveness of a suite of policy options. Page 9 provides a summary of key impacts to the water sector, including changes in precipitation. Page 10 provides a map of the projections for changes in precipitation throughout Europe.
| Adaptation, Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Downscaled Models Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | | European Union | Not Applicable |
European Environment Agency
| | Adapting to Climate Change - SOER 2010 Thematic Assessment - Thematic Assessments |
This report provides an assessment of potential climate change impacts across the European Union and presents a set of 38 country specific assessments of environmental quality. Page 7 provides a summary of regional climate change impacts, including changes in rain and snowfall. Page 8 provides this information through a map of Europe. Page 10 specifically addresses impacts to inland sources of water, such as changes in rain and snowfall.
| Adaptation, Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Downscaled Models Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | | European Union | Not Applicable |
European Environment Agency
| | Regional Climate Change and Adaptation — The Alps Facing the Challenge of Changing Water Resources |
This report addresses the vulnerability of the Alps to climate change. Chapter 2 details past climate changes and provides future projections of climate change, including changes in rain and snowfall (pp. 28-29). Chapter 3 addresses specific climate change impacts on major rivers in Europe, such as the Danube (pp. 33-34), the Rhine (pp. 34-35), the Po and the Adige (pp. 35-37), and the Rhone (pp. 38-39).
| Adaptation, Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Decision Making, Risk Management, Technical Assistance, and Tools, Downscaled Models Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | | European Union | Not Applicable |
European Environment Agency
| | Water Resources Across Europe — Confronting Water Scarcity and Drought |
This report addresses changes in water demand and availability throughout Europe. Chapter 2 highlights changes in water availability resulting from changes in precipitation (pp. 11-12).
| Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | | European Union | Not Applicable |
European Environment Agency
| | EEA Briefing 3/2008 - Impacts of Europe's Changing Climate |
This briefing, which accompanies earlier reports by the EEA on climate change, provides an overview of climate change impacts throughout Europe. Page 1 provides a list of climate change impacts, including changes in precipitation. Pages 2 and 3 graphically present climate change impacts. Page 4 presents specific impacts to water quality throughout Europe.
| Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | | European Union | Not Applicable |
European Environment Agency
| | Briefing 1/2007 - Climate Change and Water Adaptation Issues |
This briefing addresses climate change impacts and adaptation. Page 1 addresses changes in rain and snowfall.
| Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | | European Union | Not Applicable |
European Environment Agency
| | Climate Change and Water Adaptation Issues |
This report addresses the impacts of climate change on Europe's water resources. Page 11 provides a table of observed and projected climate change impacts throughout Europe, including changes in rain and snowfall.
| Adaptation, Case Studies and Best Management Practices, Regional and Local Information, Water Quality Implications, Water Supply Implications and Demand Management | | European Union | Not Applicable |
European Environment Agency
| | EEA Briefing 1/2005 - Climate Change and River Flooding in Europe |
This briefing on the potential for increased flooding in Europe details a number of climate change impacts, including changes in precipitation (p. 3).
| Adaptation, Regional and Local Information | | European Union | Not Applicable |